PRSU Syllabus 2023: B.Sc. 2nd Year PRSU सिलेबस 2023

इस पोस्ट में हम आपको पंडित रविशंकर शुक्ल यूनिवर्सिटी (prsu), का bsc 2nd year के सिलेबस दे रहे है। B.Sc. 2nd Year PRSU सिलेबस 2023 के सभी विषय (हिंदी, अंग्रेजी, गणित, बायोलॉजी, रसायन, हिस्ट्री, जियोग्राफी, इकोनॉमिक्स, सोशियोलॉजी, पॉलिटिक्स, माइक्रोबायोलॉजी etc.) के सिलेबस को लिखित और उसका pdf मिलेगा।

In this post, we are giving you the syllabus of Pandit Ravi Shankar Shukla University (prsu) bsc 2nd year. B.Sc. All subjects (Hindi, English, Mathematics, Biology, Chemistry, History, Geography, Economics, Sociology, Politics, Microbiology etc.) of 2nd Year PRSU Syllabus 2023 will get the written syllabus and its pdf.

PRSU B.Sc 2nd year syllabus | बीएससी सेकेण्ड ईयर सिलेबस पीडीऍफ़ डाउनलोड

B.Sc. 2nd Year PRSU Syllabus : Human science

बी.एस-सी. द्वितीय वर्ष

विषय का नाम - मानवविज्ञान

प्रश्न पत्र - प्रथम - पुरातात्विक मानवविज्ञान

इकाई 1 -

पुरातात्विक मानवविज्ञान का अर्थ एवं क्षेत्र, पुरातात्विक मानवविज्ञान की शाखाएँ : शास्त्रीय पुरातत्वशास्त्र ऐतिहासिक पुरातत्वशास्त्र, पुरा - ऐतिहासिक पुरातत्वशास्त्र एवं आध- ऐतिहासिक पुरातत्वशास्त्र, पुरातत्वशास्त्र के रूप में मानवविज्ञान प्राचीन विश्व एवं नव युग पुरातत्वशास्त्रीय परंपराओं के मध्य अंतर । सापेक्ष एवं निरपेक्ष काल निर्धारण

इकाई 2 -

भू–गर्भीय समय सारणी, महान हिमयुग हिमयुग के स्तरीकरण एवं अन्य प्रमाण नदी वेदिकाएँ, हिमोढ़, अतिवृद्धि अनावृद्धि, पाषाण काल उपकरण प्रकार एवं तकनीक।

इकाई 3 -

पुरापाषाणिक बर्बरता की आयु : यूरोपीयन निम्न पुरापाषाणिक काल पाषाण उपकरण एवं संस्कृतियाँ भारतीय निम्न पुरापाषाणिक काल सोहन संस्कृति एवं मद्रासीयन संस्कृति । यूरोपीयन मध्य पुरापाषाणिक काल : उपकरण एवं संस्कृति भारत में फ्लैक उपकरण संकुल यूरोपीयन उच्च पुरापाषाणीक काल : उपकरण एवं संस्कृतियाँ, यूरोपीयन पुरापाषाणिक गृह एवं गुफा कला के महत्व एंव लक्षण।

इकाई 4 -

उत्तरी यूरोप में मध्यपाषाणिक संकुल पश्चिमी यूरोप में मध्यपाषाणिक संकुल भारत में मध्यपाषाणिक संस्कृति नवपाषाणिक क्रान्ति के मुख्य लक्षण भारत में नवपाषाणिक संकुल।

इकाई 5 -

धातु युग ताम्रकांस्य एवं लौह युग नगरीय क्रांति सामान्य लक्षण सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता : मुख्य लक्षणशहर नियोजनआर्थिक क्रियाविधिउत्पत्ति एवं पतन।

B.Sc. 2nd Year PRSU Syllabus : Human science

B.Sc. II

विषय का नाम - मानवविज्ञान

प्रश्न पत्र - द्वितीय

प्रश्न पत्र का नाम - भारत में जनजातीय संस्कृति

इकाई 1 -

जनजाति एवं अनुसूचित जनजाति की परिभाषा भारतीय जनजातियों के भौगोलिक वितरण एवं उनके प्रजातीय एवं भाषायी वर्गीकरणभारतीय जनजातियों के अध्ययन में मानवविज्ञान का योगदान पवित्र संकुलसार्वभौमिकता एवं स्थानीयतासंस्कृतिकरणपश्चिमीकरणप्रभु - जाति जनजाति एवं जाति, अनुसूचित जनजाति एवं अनुसूचित जाति के मध्य अंतर । छत्तीसगढ़ के विशेष रूप से कमजोर जनजाति (कमार बिरहोर पहाड़ी कोरवाअबूझमाड़िया एवं बैगा )

इकाई 2 -

आदिम अर्थव्यवस्था जनजाति अर्थव्यवस्था के स्तर शिकार खाद्य संग्रहण मतस्यमारणस्थानांतरित एंव स्थायी कृषि । संपत्ति की अवधारणा एवं जनजातीय समाजों में स्वामित्व जनजातीय लोगों की समस्याएँ भूमि अधिग्रहणबंधुवा मजदूरी ऋणग्रस्तता, स्थानांतरित कृषिसिंचाईबेरोजगारीकृषि मजदूरीजंगल और जनजातीयाँ । नव आर्थिक मानवविज्ञान विनिमय : एवं बाजार अर्थव्यवस्था | उपहारवस्तु विनिमय, व्यापारसांस्कृतिक विनिमय -

इकाई 3 -

सांस्कृतिक संपर्क की समस्या शहरीकरण एवं औद्योगीकरण संबंधी समस्याएँक्षेत्रवाद, जनजातीय धर्म उत्पत्ति एवं प्रकार्य, आत्मावादटोटमवाद, : अभिचार एवं जादू की अवधारणा एवं क्रियाकलापशमनवाद, सिरछेदन

इकाई 4 -

भारतीय जनजातियों के राजनैतिक संगठन राज्य एवं राज्याविहीन समाज के मध्य अंतर । आदिम समाज में कानून भारतीय जनजातियों में सामाजिक संगठन मातृस्वामित्व एवं पितृस्वामित्व परिवार वंश एवं गोत्र, जनजातीय समाजों में विवाह साथी चुनने के तरीके। युवागृह प्रकार संगठन एवं प्रकार्य ।

इकाई 5 -

जनजातीय विकास जनजातीय विकास का इतिहासअनुसूचित जनजातियों के लिए संवैधानिक प्रावधान। जनजातीय समस्याएँ पृथककरण प्रवासन संस्कृति संक्रमण अजनजातीयकरण । जनजातीय विकास की नीतियाँ योजना एवं कार्यक्रम एवं उनका क्रियान्वयन भारत में जनजातीय असंतोष जनजातीय विकास में मानवविज्ञान का योगदान सरकारी एवं गैर सरकारी विकासीय कार्यक्रमों के प्रति जनजातीय लोगों की प्रतिक्रिया

B.Sc. 2nd Year PRSU Syllabus : Human science

B.Sc. II

विषय का नाम - मानवविज्ञान

प्रश्न पत्र - प्रायोगिक

प्रश्न पत्र का नाम - भौतिक संस्कृति एवं शोध उपकरण

भाग 1 -

दिये गऐ भौतिक संस्कृतियों की पहचान एवं तकनिकी का वर्णन

1. खाद्य संकलन, शिकार, मतस्य आखेट एवं कृषि उपकरणों का विवरण |
2. आग उत्पन्न करने वाली विधि एवं उपकरणों का वर्णन | आवास के प्रकार का वर्णन
4. भूमि एवं जल यातायात को साधनों का वर्णन।

भाग 2 -

पुरापाषाण कालमध्यपाषाण काल एवं नव-पाषाण काल के उपकरणों की पहचान, चित्रण एवं विवरण (प्रत्येक काल के पाँच उपकरणों का विवरण देना आवश्यक है)

भाग 3 -

अनुसूची, वंशावली एवं प्रश्नावली का निर्माण प्रत्येक छात्र छात्राओं को उपरोक्त उपकरण के माध्यम से 10 उत्तदाताओं से आंकड़ों की जानकारी प्राप्त करना चाहिए। प्रत्येक छात्र छात्राओं को प्रायोगिक कक्षा के दौरान इन समस्त भाग से संबंधित प्रायोगिक आँकड़े को प्रायोगिक फाईल में दर्ज करना आवश्यक

देखें : PRSU B.Sc. 1st Year Syllabus

देखें : PRSU B.Sc. 3rd Year Syllabus

B.Sc. 2nd Year PRSU Syllabus : BIOTECHNOLOGY

B.Sc. II

Subject : BIOTECHNOLOGY

PAPER-I - MOLECULAR BIOLOGY & BIOPHYSICS

UNIT-I

1. Nucleic Acid : Bases, Nucleosides and Nucleotides, DNA and RNA structure.
2. Plasmids.
3. Transposons : Repetitive elements, LINES & SINEs. Structure of Gene.

UNIT-II

1. DNA Replication : Enzymes involved and mechanism of DNA Replication in Prokaryotes.
2. Mutation : Molecular level of Mutation, Types of Mutagens, Spontaneous and Induced Mutation.
3. DNA Repair : NER, BER and Mismatch Repair.

UNIT-III

1. Genetic Code : Features, Condon Assignment and Wobble hypothesis.
2. Transcription : Initiation, Elongation and Termination in Prokaryotes.
3. Translation : Initiation, Elongation and Termination Translation machinery in Prokaryotes. Operon-Concept of Operator, Regulator, Promoter gene, Inducer and Co-repressor.

UNIT-IV

1. Biophysics : Introduction, Scope and Application
2. Principle, Structure, Functions of the following :
a. Microscopy b. Colorimeter and Spectroscopy c. Electrophoresis d. Centrifugation e. Chromatography.

UNIT-V

1. Radioisotopes techniques : Measurement of radioactivity, Ionization Chambers, Geiger Muller and Scintillation Counter.
2. Autoradiography and DNA Fingerprinting.
3. Biosensor.

B.Sc. 2nd Year PRSU Syllabus : BIOTECHNOLOGY

B.Sc. II

Subject : BIOTECHNOLOGY

PAPER II - RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGYAND GENOMICS

UNIT-I

1. Recombinant DNA technology : General concept. Steps in gene cloning and application.

2. Host controlled Restriction Modification System, Ligases and Polymerases, Klenow fragment, Taq, Pfu polymerase and Nuclease (Endo, Exo and restriction endonuclease).

3. Modification Enzyme (Kinase, Phosphates and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase). Reverse Transcriptase.

UNIT -II

1. Vectors : Plasmid, Bacteriophages, Cosmid, SV40 and Expression vectors.
2. Gene Library : Genomic and cDNA library.
3. Selection and Screening of Recombinants : Genetic and Hybridization methods.

UNIT -III

1. PCR : Types of PCR. Steps (Denaturation, Annealing and Extension); Applications, Advantages and Limitation of PCR.
2. Molecular Marker-RFLP, RAPD and Micro array.
3. Human Genome Project.

UNIT-IV

1. Basic concept of Gene Transfer Methods : Microinjection, Electroporation, Lipofection and Microprojectile.
2. Gene Therapy : In vivo and Ex vivo, Germ line and Somatic gene therapy.
3. Basic idea of Stem cell technology : Types of stems cell cultures and their Significance.

UNIT-V

1. Introduction to Bioinformatics : History, Objective and Application.
2. Major Bioinformatics Resource - NCBI, Types of Databases (Primary and Secondary Databases), BLAST and FASTA
3. Basic concept of Genomics and Proteomics

B.Sc. 2nd Year PRSU Syllabus : Physics

B.Sc. Part-II

Subject : Physics

Paper-I : THERMODYNAMICS, KINETIC THEORY AND STATISTICAL PHYSICS

UNIT-I

The laws of thermodynamics : The Zeroth law, first law of thermodynamics, internal energy as a state function, reversible and irreversible change, Carnot's cycle, carnot theorem and the second law of thermodynamics. Claussius theorem inequality. Entropy, Change of entropy in simple cases (i) Isothermal expansion of an ideal gas (ii) Reversible isochoric process (iii) Free adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas. Concept of entropy, Entropy of the universe. Entropy change in reversible and irreversible processes, Entropy of Ideal gas, Entropy as a thermodynamic variable, S-T diagram, Principle of increase of entropy. The thermodynamic scale of temperature, Third law of thermodynamics, Concept of negative temperature.

UNIT-II

Thermodynamic functions, Internal energy, Enthalpy, Helmholtz function and Gibb's free energy, Maxwell's thermodynamical equations and their applications, Tds equations, Energy and heat capacity equations Appplication of Maxwell's equation in Joule-Thomson cooling, adiabatic cooling of a system, Van der Waals gas, Clausius-Clapeyron heat equation. Blackbody spectrum, law, Wien's displacement law, law, Planck's quantum theory of Stefan-Boltzmann Rayleigh-Jean's radiation.

UNIT-III

Maxwellien distribution of speeds in an ideal gas : Distribution of speeds and of velocities, experimental verification, distinction between mean, rms and most probable speed values. Doppler broadening of spectral lines. Transport phenomena in gases : Molecular collisions mean free path and collision cross sections. Estimates of molecular diameter and mean free path. Transport of mass, momentum and energy and interrelationship, dependence on temperature and pressure. Behavior of Real Gases : Deviations from the Ideal Gas Equation. The Virial Equation. Andrew's Experiments on CO₂ Gas. Critical Constants.

UNIT-IV

Probability and The statistical basis of thermodynamics : thermodynamic probability, principle of equal a priori probabilities, statistical postulates. Concept of Gibb's ensemble, accessible and inaccessible states. Concept of phase space, canonical phase space, Gamma phase space and μ phase space. Equilibrium before two systems in thermal contact, probability and entropy, Boltzmann entropy relation. Boltzmann canonical distribution law and its applications, law of equipartition of energy. Transition to quantum statistics : 'h' as a natural constant and its implications, cases of particle in a one dimensional box and one-dimensional harmonic oscillator.

UNIT-V

Indistinguishability of particles and its consequences, Bose-Einstein & Fermi-Dirac conditions, Concept of partition function, Derivation of Maxwell-Boltzmann, Bose Einstein and Fermi-Dirac Statistics, Limits of B-E and F-D statistics to M-B statistics. Application of B-E statistics to black body radiation, Application of F-D statistics to free electrons in a metal.

Maxwellien distribution of speeds in an ideal gas Distribution of speeds and of velocities, experimenta verification, distinction between mean, rms and mos probable speed values. Doppler broadening of spectra lines. Transport phenomena in gases : Molecula collisions mean free path and collision cross sections Estimates of molecular diameter and mean free path Transport of mass, momentum and energy an interrelationship, dependence on temperature an pressure. Behavior of Real Gases : Deviations from th Ideal Gas Equation. The Virial Equation. Andrew' Experiments on CO₂ Gas. Critical Constants.

B.Sc. 2nd Year PRSU Syllabus : Physics

B.Sc. Part-II

Subject : Physics

Paper-I : THERMODYNAMICS, KINETIC THEORY AND STATISTICAL PHYSICS

UNIT-I

The laws of thermodynamics : The Zeroth law, first law of thermodynamics, internal energy as a state function, reversible and irreversible change, Carnot's cycle, carnot theorem and the second law of thermodynamics. Claussius theorem inequality. Entropy, Change of entropy in simple cases (i) Isothermal expansion of an ideal gas (ii) Reversible isochoric process (iii) Free adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas. Concept of entropy, Entropy of the universe. Entropy change in reversible and irreversible processes, Entropy of Ideal gas, Entropy as a thermodynamic variable, 5-T diagram, Principle of increase of entropy. The thermodynamic scale of temperature, Third law of thermodynamics, Concept of negative temperature.

UNIT-II

UNIT-III

UNIT-IV

UNIT-V

B.Sc. 2nd Year PRSU Syllabus : Physics

B.Sc. Part-II

Subject : Physics

Paper-II : WAVES, ACOUSTICS AND OPTICS

UNIT-I

Waves in media : Speed of transverse waves on uniform string, speed of longitudinal waves in a fluid, energy density and energy transmission in waves. Waves over liquid surface : gravity waves and ripples. Group velocity and phase velocity and relationship between them. Production and detection of ultrasonic and infrasonic waves and applications. Reflection, refraction and diffraction of sound Acoustic impedance of a medium, percentage reflection & refraction at a boundary, impedance matching for transducers, diffraction of sound, principle of a sonar system, sound ranging.

UNIT-II

Fermat's Principle of extremum path, the aplanatic points of a sphere and other applications. Cardinal points of an optical system, thick lens and lens combinations. Lagrange equation of magnification, telescopic combinations, telephoto leneses. Monochromatic aberrations and their reductions; aspherical mirrors and Schmidt corrector plates, aplanatic points, oil imersion objectives, meniscus lens. Optical instruments: Entrance and exit pupils, need for a multiple lens eyepiece, common types of eyepieces. (Ramsdon and Hygen's eyepieces)

UNIT-III

Interference of light: The principle of superpositions two slit interference, coherence requirement for the sources, optical path retardations, Conditions for sustained interference, Theory of interference, Thin films. Newton's rings and Michelson interferometer and their applications its application for precision determinations of wavelength, wavelength difference and the width of spectral lines. Multiple beam interference in parallel film and Fabry-Perot interferometer. Rayleigh refractometer, Twymann. Green interferometer and its uses.

UNIT-IV

Diffraction, Types of Diffraction, Fresnel's diffraction, half-period zones, phasor diagram and integral calculus methods, the intensity distribution, Zone plates, diffraction due to straight edge, Fraunhefer diffraction due to a single slit and double slit,Diffraction at N-Parallel slit, Plane Diffraction grating, Rayleigh criterion, resolving power of grating, Prism, telescope. Polarized light and its mathematical representation, Production of polarized light by reflection, refraction and scattering. Polarization by double refraction and Huygen's theory, Nicol prism, Retardation plates, Production and analysis of circularly and elliptically polarized light. Optical activity and Fresnel's theory, Biquartz polarimeter.

UNIT-V

Laser system : Basic properties of Lasers, coherence length and coherence time, spatial coherence of a source, Einstein's A and B coefficients, Spontaneous and induced emissions, conditions for laser action, population inversion, Types of Laser : Ruby and, He-Ne laser and. Applications of laser : Application in communication, Holography and Basics of non linear optics and Generation of Harmonic.

B.Sc. 2nd Year PRSU Syllabus : Physics

B.Sc. Part-II

Subject : Physics

Paper-I - THERMODYNAMICS, KINETIC THEORY AND STATISTICAL PHYSICS

Unit-1

The laws of thermodynamics : The Zeroth law, first law of thermodynamics, internal energy as a state function, reversible and irreversible change, Carnot's cycle, carnot theorem, second law of thermodynamics. Claussius theorem inequality. Entropy, Change of entropy in simple cases (i) Isothermal expansion of an ideal gas (ii) Reversible isochoric process (iii) Free adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas. Concept of entropy, Entropy of the universe. Entropy change in reversible and irreversible processes, Entropy of Ideal gas, Entropy as a thermodynamic variable, S-T diagram, Principle of increase of entropy. The thermodynamic scale of temperature, Third law of thermodynamics, Concept of negative temperature.

Unit-2

Thermodynamic functions, Internal energy, Enthalpy, Helmholtz function and Gibb's free energy, Maxwell's thermodynamical equations and their applications, TdS equations, Energy and heat capacity equations Application of Maxwell's equation in Joule Thomson cooling, adiabatic cooling of a system, Van der Waals gas, Clausius-Clapeyron heat equation. Blackbody spectrum, Stefan-Boltzmann law, Wien's displacement law, Rayleigh-Jean's law, Planck's quantum theory of radiation.

Unit-3

Maxwellian distribution of speeds in an ideal gas : Distribution of speeds and velocities, experimental verification, distinction between mean, rms and most probable speed values. Doppler broadening of spectral lines. Transport phenomena in gases : Molecular collisions mean free path and collision cross sections. Estimates of molecular diameter and mean free path. Transport of mass, momentum and energy and interrelationship, dependence on temperature and pressure. Behaviour of Real Gases : Deviations from the Ideal Gas Equation. The Virial Equation. Andrew's Experiments on CO₂ Gas. Critical Constants.

Unit-4

The statistical basis of thermodynamics : Probability and thermodynamic probability, principle of equal a priori probabilities, statistical postulates. Concept of Gibb's ensemble, accessible and inaccessible states. Concept of phase space, y phase space and μ phase space. Equilibrium before two systems in thermal contact, probability and entropy, Boltzmann entropy relation. Boltzmann canonical distribution law and its applications, law of equipartition of energy. Transition to quantum statistics : 'h' as a natural constant and its implications, cases of particle in a one-dimensional box and one-dimensional harmonic oscillator.

Unit-5

देखें : PRSU B.Sc. 1st Year Syllabus

देखें : PRSU B.Sc. 3rd Year Syllabus

B.Sc. 2nd Year PRSU Syllabus : Physics

B.Sc. Part-II

Subject : Physics

Paper-II WAVES, ACOUSTICS AND OPTICS

Unit-1

Waves in media : Speed of transverse waves on uniform string, speed of longitudinal waves in a fluid, energy density and energy transmission in waves. Waves over liquid surface : gravity waves and ripples. Group velocity and phase velocity and relationship between them. Production and detection of ultrasonic and infrasonic waves and applications. Reflection, refraction and diffraction of sound : Acoustic impedance of a medium, percentage reflection & refraction at a boundary, impedance matching for transducers, diffraction of sound, principle of a sonar system, sound ranging.

Unit-2

Fermat's Principle of extremum path, the aplanatic points of a sphere and other applications. Cardinal points of an optical system, thick lens and lens combinations. Lagrange equation of magnification, telescopic combinations, telephoto lenses. Monochromatic aberrations and their reductions; aspherical mirrors and Schmidt corrector plates, aplanatic points, oil immersion objectives, meniscus lens. Optical instruments : Entrance and exit pupils, need for a multiple lens eyepiece, common types of eyepieces. (Ramsdon and Hygen's eyepieces).

Unit-3

Interference of light : The principle of superpositions, two slit interference, coherence requirement for the sources, optical path retardations, Conditions for sustained interference, Theory of interference, Thin films. Newton's rings and Michelson interferometer and their applications its application for precision determinations of wavelength, wavelength difference and the width of spectral lines. Multiple beam interference in parallel film and Fabry-Perot interferometer. Rayleigh refractometer, Twyman-Green interferometer and its uses.

Unit-4

Diffraction, Types of Diffraction, Fresnel's diffraction, half-period zones, phasor diagram and integral calculus methods, the intensity distribution, Zone plates, diffraction due to straight edge, Fraunhofer diffraction due to a single slit and double slit, Diffraction at N Parallel slit, Plane Diffraction grating, Rayleigh criterion, resolving power of grating, Prism, telescope. Polarized light and its mathematical representation, Production of polarized light by reflection, refraction and scattering. Polarization by double refraction and Huygen's theory, Nicol prism, Retardation plates, Production and analysis of circularly and elliptically polarized light. Optical activity and Fresnel's theory, Biquartz polarimeter.

Unit-5

B.Sc. 2nd Year PRSU Syllabus : Botany

B.Sc. Part-II

Subject : Botany

Paper-I PLANT TAXONOMY, ECONOMIC BOTANY, PLANT ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY

UNIT-I

Bentham and Hooker system of classification.Binomial Nomenclature, International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and plants (IUCN), Typification, numerical Taxonomy and chemotaxonomy. Preservation of Plant material and Herbarium techniques. Important botanical gardens and herbaria of India, Kew Botanical garden, England.

UNIT-II

Systematic position, distinguishing characters and economic importance of the following families, Ranunculaceae, Magnoliaceae, Brassicaeae, Rosaceae, Papaveraceae, Caryophyllaceae, Rutaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Apiaceae, Rubiaceae, Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Solanaceae, Malvaceae, Convolvulaceae, Orchidaceae, Acanthaceae, verbenaceae, Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Poaceae and Liliaceae.

UNIT-III

Economic Botany : Botanical name, family, part used and uses of the following economically important plants, fiber yielding plants; Cotton, jute, sun, hemp, coir. Timber yielding plants : Sal, Teak, Shisham and Pine. Medicinal plants : Kalmegh, Ashwangandha, Ghritkumari, Giloy, Brahmi, sarpgandha, ---of medicinal plants of C.G. Food plants : Pearl millet, Buck of wheat, Sorghum, Soyabean, gram, Ground nut, Sugarcane and Potato.Fruit plants : Pear, Peach, Litchi. Spices : Cinnamon, Turmeric, Ginger, Asafoetida and Cumin. Beverages : Tea, Coffee Rubber Cultivation of important flowers : Chrysanthemum, Dahelia, Biodiesel plants Jatropha, Pongamia Ethnobotany in context of Chhattisgarh.

UNIT-IV

Plant Anatomy : Root and shoot apical meristems theories of root and shoot apex organization, permanent tissues, anatomy of root, stem and leaf of dicot and monocot, secondary growth in root and stem, Anatomical anomalies in the primary structure of stems (Nyctanthes, Boerhaavia, Casuarina), Anamolous secondary growth in Dracaena, Bignonia, Laptadenia.

UNIT-V

Embryology : Flower as a reproductive organ, anther, microsporogenesis, types of ovules, megasporogenesis, development of male and female gametophyte, pollination, mechanisms, self incompatibility, fertilization, endosperm, embryo, polyembryonoy, apomixes and parthenocarpy.

B.Sc. 2nd Year PRSU Syllabus : Botany

B.Sc. Part-II

Subject : Botany

Paper-II ECOLOGY AND PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

UNIT-I

Introduction and scope of ecology, environmental and ecological factors, Soil formation and soil profile, Liebig's law of minimum, Shelford's law of tolerance, morphological and anatomical adapataions in hydrophytes, xerophytes and epiphytes.

UNIT-II

Population and community characteristics, Raunkiaer's life forms, population interactions (e.g. Symbiosis, Amensalism etc.), succession, ecotone and edge effect, ecological niches, ecotypes, ecads, keystone species Concept of ecosystem, trophic levels, flow of energy in ecosystem, food chain and food web, concept of ecological pyramids Biogeochemical cycles : carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle and phosphorus cycle

UNIT-III

Plant water relations : Diffusion, permeability, osmosis, imbibitions, plasmolysis, osmotic potential and water potential, Types of soil water, water holding capacity, wilting, Absorption of water, theories of Ascent of sap, Mineral nutrition and absorption, Deficiency symptoms, Transpiration, stomatal movement, significance of transpiration, Factors affecting transpiration, guttation.

UNIT-IV

Photosynthesis : Photosynthetic apparatus and pigments, light reaction mechanism of ATP synthesis. C3, C4 CAM pathway of carbon reduction, photorespiration, factors affecting photosynthesis. Respiration : Aerobic and anaerobic respiration, Glycolysis, Kreb's cycle, factors affecting respiration, R.Q.

UNIT-V

Plant growth hormones : Auxin, Gibberellin, Cytokinin, Ethylene and Abscissic acid. Physiology of flowering, Florigen concept, Photoperiodism and Vernalization. Seed dormancy and germination, plant movement.

B.Sc. 2nd Year PRSU Syllabus : Botany Practical

B.Sc. Part-II

Subject : Botany Practical

1. Taxonomy : Detailed description and identification of locally available plants of the families as prescribed in the theory paper.

2. Economic Botany : Identification and comment on the plants and plant products belonging to different economic use categories

3. Preparation of Herbarium of local wild plants.

4. Quantitative vegetation analysis of a grassland ecosystem.

5. Anatomical characteristics of hydrophytes and xerophytes.

6. Demonstration of root pressure.

7. Demonstration of transpiration.

8. Demonstration of evolution of O₂ in photosynthesis, factors affecting of photosynthesis.

9. Comparison of R.Q. of different respiratory substrates.

10. Demonstration of fermentation.

11. Determination of BOD of a water body.

12. Demonstration of mitosis.

B.Sc. 2nd Year PRSU Syllabus : MICROBIOLOGY

B.Sc. Part-II

Subject : MICROBIOLOGY

Paper- 1: Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering

UNIT-1: FUNDAMENTALS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

History and scope of molecular biology, concept and mechanism of heredity. DNA as genetic material- experimental evidences. DNA replication- mechanism, process and enzymesproteins involved in replication.

UINIT-2: CENTRAL DOGMA OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Transcription- initiation, elongation. termination, RNA polymerases and sigma tactor. Transeription inhibitors (antibiotics, drugs). Translation- initiation, elongation and termination. Factors nvolved in transiation. Genetic code

UNIT-3: MUTATION AND DNA REPAIR MECHANISM

Introduction and Types of Gene mutations- Base substitution, frame shift mutation (insertion, deletion, miss-sense. nonsense mutation.) excision and SOS repair). Beneficial and harmful effect of mutation. DNA repair mechansm (misniatcn fepair, photo-reactvaton,

UNIT-4: GENE REGULATION

Concept of gene- Cistron, Recon, Muton. Operon Concept- lac Operon, tryptophan Operon, His Operon. Activator, Co-activator and Repressor. Introduction to Brointormatnics- Eiementary genome Database.

UNIT-5: GENETIC ENGINEERING

Basic concept of Genetic Engineering, DNA modifying enzymes Restriction endonuclease, DNA ligase, terminal transferase. Vectors-pBR322, pUC19, BAC and YAC. Phage based vectors, expression of vector. Transformation - physical and chemical method. 3acterial Host. Screening of recombinant vector Blue white Screening. Colony Hybridization.

B.Sc. 2nd Year PRSU Syllabus : MICROBIOLOGY

B.Sc. Part-II

Subject : MICROBIOLOGY

Paper- Il: Bioinstrumentation and Biostatisties

UNIT-1: MCROSCOPY AND CENTRIFUGATION

Simple and compound light microscope, Bright field, Dark tield, Phase contrast and Electron microscope. Centrifugation- principle and types of centrifuges (analytical and preparatory), types of centrifugation- differential and rate zonal centrifugation.

UNIT-2: pH meter and Chromatographny

Principle of pH meter, types of electrodes, factors affecting pH measurements, and application of pH meter. principle, ypes- paper, TLC and column chromatography, HPLC

UNIT-3: SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

Electromagnetic spectrum. Beers-Lamberts law, Types (Principles. working and application) colorimeter, UV - Vis Spectrophotometry and IR- Spectrophotometry, Turbidometry

UNIT-4 : Electrophoresis and X-Ray Diffraction

Principle of electrophoresis, instrumentation and Application, types of Paper, Gel electrophoresis and Immunoelectrophoresis. X-ray diffraction-principle and application.

UNIT-5 : Biostatistics

Data- Types, characteristics, presentation and distribution. Data analysis- central tendency (Mean, Median and Mode), Deviation (variance SD and SE). Concept of probability.

B.Sc. 2nd Year PRSU Syllabus : MICROBIOLOGY PRACTICAL

B.Sc. Part-II

Subject : MICROBIOLOGY PRACTICAL

Determination of Antibiotic Resistance by Plating Method.

Assaying of Microbial Enzymes; Catalase, Proteases, Peroxidases, Cellulase, Cellobioases, Amylase, Diastase. Exercise on Paper, Thin Layer, Column Chromatography.

Exercise on Paper and Gel Electrophoresis.

Determination of P H of Various Water and Soil Sample.

Testing of Lambert Beer's Law.

Determination of Lamda Max of Dye by Spectrophotometer Isolation of Resistant Bacteria from Soil and Water Sample

B.Sc. 2nd Year PRSU Syllabus : Zoology

B.Sc. Part-II

Subject : Zoology

Paper - I (Anatomy and Physiology)

Unit : I

Integument and its derivatives : structure of scales, hair and feathers. Alimentary canal and digestive glands in vertebrates Respiratory organs : Gills and lung, air-sac in birds

Unit : II

Endoskeleton : (a) Axial Skeleton- Skull and Vertebrae, (b) Appendicular Skeleton Limbs and girdles Circulatory System : Evolution of heart and aortic arches Urinogenital System : Kidney and excretory ducts

Unit : III

Nervous System : General plan of brain and spinal cord Ear and Eye : structure and function . Gonads and genital ducts.

Unit : IV

Digestion and absorption of dietary components • Physiology of heart, cardiac cycle and ECG • Blood Coagulation . Respiration : mechanism and control of breathing

Unit : V

Excretion : Physiology of excretion, osmoregulation Physiology of muscle contraction Physiology of nerve impulse, Synaptic transmission

B.Sc. 2nd Year PRSU Syllabus : Zoology Practical

B.Sc. Part-II

Subject : Zoology Practical

The practical work in general shall be based on the syllabus prescribed and the students will be required to show the knowledge of the following :

Study of the representative examples of the different chordates (Classified characters).
Dissection of various systems of scoliodon-Afferent and Efferent branchial cranial nerves, internal ear.

Alternative methods : By Clay/Thermacol/ Drawing/ Model etc.)

Simple microscopic technique through unstained or stained permanent mount.
Study of prepared slides histological, as per theory papers.
Study of limb girdles and vertebrae of Frog, Varanus, Fowl and Rabbit.
Identification of species and individual of honey bee.
Life cycle of honey bee and silkworm.
Exercise based on Evolution and Animal behavior.

Study Point and Career